i. A character: This is the smallest element in a computer file and refers to a letter, number, or symbol that can be entered, stored, and output by a computer.
ii. A Field: This refers to a single character or collection of characters that represents a single piece of data.
iii. A Record: This refers to a collection of related fields that represents a single entity.

i. The Operating System is responsible for the execution of all types of programs (i.e. user programs or system programs).

ii. The Operating System is responsible for making decisions regarding the storage of all types of data or files (i.e., floppy disk/hard disk/pen drive, etc.). The decides how the data should be manipulated and stored.

iii. The Operating System is responsible for handling all sorts of inputs, (i.e., from the keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc.) and does all interfacing of different types of peripheral devices (e.g. keyboard or mice) in the most appropriate manner regarding all kinds of Inputs and Outputs.

iv. Operating System tracks an account of all the functionalities taking place in the computer system at a time (e.g. types of errors that occurred are recorded by the operating System).

v. The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by deciding which resource to be used by whom for how much time.

vi. The Operating System is responsible for the detection of any type of error or bugs that can occur while any task is running and acts as a countermeasure for preventing any sort of breach to the computer system from any external source and probably handling them.

vii. The Operating System is responsible for using all the information and resources available on the machine in the most protected way and foils any attempts from any external resource to hamper any sort of data or information.

A modem refers to a device that converts data to a signal so it can be easily sent and received over a phone line, cable, or satellite as well as converts data between analog and digital formats in real time for two-way network communication. On the other hand, a multiplexer refers to a device that takes multiple analog signals and forwards the selected input into a single line and is used to increase the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network.

i. Increased capacity to accommodate more radio channels
ii. Improved audio quality, unlike analog signal which diminishes as it nears the edge of the coverage area.
iii. Greater functionality.
iv. Higher battery life & stronger security. Use of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) increase battery life by 40% compared with analogue terminals.
v. Better channel efficiency.

i. Boosts Student Engagement: Virtual reality classroom is equipped with adequate ways to make learning more engaging and communicative which helps in boosting student engagement.
ii. Experience-Based Learning: -VR provides experience-based learning by providing stimulated displays which makes the students feel like a part of the setup they are looking at.
iii. Virtual Field Trips: - Virtual reality can be a great opportunity to take the travel and tour experience without actually visiting the place, in a cost-friendly and time-saving manner.

i. Business-to-Business (B2B): Involves all electronic transactions of goods or services between companies. For example, traditional wholesalers.
ii. Business-to-Consumer (B2C): This involves electronic business transactions between businesses and final consumers. (Retailer to consumer).
iii. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): Encompasses all electronic of goods or services between consumers. The transactions are conducted through a third party which provides the online platform where the transactions are carried out.
iv. Consumer-to-Business (C2B): This involves electronic transactions of services or products from an individual (consumer) to a company. They are common in crowdsourcing-based projects, affiliate marketing, and online market platforms that sell royalty-free images &, media (iStock photo).
v. Business-to-Administration (B2A): Encompasses all transactions carried online between companies and the public administration.
vi. Consumer-to-Administration (C2A): Encompasses all electronic transactions conducted between individuals and public administration. For example, education (distance learning), i-tax (filing taxes), etc.

RAD can be defined as an adaptive software development approach that prioritizes prototyping and quick feedback rather than specific planning. This enables developers to make multiple iterations and updates quickly without having to start from scratch, thereby ensuring that the outcome is more quality-focused and aligns with the end users’ requirements. RAD focuses on the input-output source and destination of the information, delivery of projects in small pieces, and reuse of templates, tools, processes, and code.

RAD prototype modeling phases include:
• Business modeling
• Data modeling
• Process modeling
• Application generation
• Testing and turnover.

Advantages

i. The RAD model is flexible and adaptable to changes.
ii. It is useful in reducing the overall project risk.
iii. Reducing manual coding since code can be reused.
iv. Prototyping ensures fewer defects.
v. It is easier to transfer deliverables as scripts, high-level abstractions, and intermediate codes.
vi. Each RAD phase delivers the highest priority functionality to the client.
vii. Increase productivity in a short time with fewer people.

i. Stakeholder engagement: This involves engaging with stakeholders such as customers, end-users, project sponsors, and subject matter experts to understand their needs and requirements.
ii. Gathering information: This involves gathering information about the system to be developed, the business processes it will support, and the end-users who will be using it.
iii. Requirement prioritization: This involves prioritizing requirements based on their importance to the project’s success.
iv. Requirements documentation: This involves documenting the requirements clearly and concisely so that they can be easily understood and communicated to the development team.
v. Validation and verification: This involves validating and verifying the requirements with the stakeholders to ensure that they accurately represent their needs and requirements.
vi. Iterative process: This involves continuously refining and updating the requirements based on feedback from stakeholders.
vii. Communication and collaboration: This involves effective communication and collaboration with stakeholders, project team members, and other relevant parties to ensure that the requirements are clearly understood and implemented.
viii. Flexibility: This requires flexibility to adapt to changing requirements, stakeholder needs, and project constraints.

i. Use of driverless vehicles as weapons.
ii. Application of disrupting AI-controlled systems ( e.g. in food logistics, traffic control, and public utilities.).
iii. Tailored phishing to exploit a trust relationship using an individual’s data.
iv. Large-scale blackmail by using harmful facts from various internet sources.
v. AI-authored fake news based either on actual events or fabricated events.
vi. Military robots, data poisoning, autonomous drone attacks, online eviction, trick face recognition, market bombing, etc.

Internet of Things(IoT): IoT can be defined as a network of interrelated devices that connect and exchange data with other IoT devices and the cloud. The IoT devices are impendent with technology such as software and sensors and can include digital and mechanical machines and consumer objects.
Examples of IoT applications are connected wearables, cars, sensors in industrial plants, and collaborative robotics.

Information Value Chain(IVC): The Information Value Chain can be defined as the process of changing data to information, and using the information to make decisions and real-world actions that create /deliver value back into the real world(i.e. stakeholders).IVC’s goal is to create a competitive advantage for a firm by increasing efficiency and productivity while keeping costs reasonable.

The digital divide: The digital divide can be defined as the gap (technical and financial ability) between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology and those that don’t. It exists between developed and undeveloped/developing countries, young educated and older uneducated individuals, urban and rural populations,as well as between men and women. Other types include the access divide, the use divide, and the quality-of-age gap.

Workflow management software(WMS): WMS can be defined as a software application designed to set up and monitor a defined set of tasks along with their sequences.WMS provides a well-planned, structured, and centralized approach to managing business processes and helps in the reduction of manual efforts/resources involved and the automation of redundant tasks.

i. Risk assessment to identify all risks within the scope of a company’s AISP.
ii. Risk analysis to prioritize risks identified based on impact, likelihood, and potential cost.
iii. Risk treatment to outline the concrete steps of treating those risks(i.e. mitigation, transfer, or acceptance).
iv. Risk monitoring where controls are continuously monitored for changes in risk levels or new incidences or weaknesses that may rise to the surface over time.

i. The Operating System is responsible for the execution of all types of programs (i.e. user programs or system programs).

ii. The Operating System is responsible for making decisions regarding the storage of all types of data or files (i.e., floppy disk/hard disk/pen drive, etc.). The decides how the data should be manipulated and stored.

iii. The Operating System is responsible for handling all sorts of inputs, (i.e., from the keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc.) and does all interfacing of different types of peripheral devices (e.g. keyboard or mice) most appropriately regarding all kinds of Inputs and Outputs.

iv. The Operating System tracks an account of all the functionalities taking place in the computer system at a time (e.g. types of errors that occurred are recorded by the operating System).

v. The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by deciding which resource to be used by whom for how much time.

vi. The Operating System is responsible for the detection of any type of error or bugs that can occur while any task is running and acts as a countermeasure for preventing any sort of breach to the computer system from any external source and probably handling them.

vii. The Operating System is responsible for using all the information and resources available on the machine in the most protected way and foils any attempts from any external resource to hamper any sort of data or information

i. Transaction Processing Systems (TPP): TSS receives input data and converts it into output information for various users. It ensures the completion of a business transaction by successfully storing, sending, and receiving information via a database.
ii. Computer-Aided Design Systems (CAD): CAD enables users /designers to digitally create 2D and 3D drawings and models for better visualization before production. It is commonly used by architects, engineers, graphic designers, drafters, animation illustrators, and manufacturers.
iii. Process control system(PCS): PSC is used by manufacturers to regulate different aspects of the production processes. PSCs perform quality testing throughout a production line.

i. A programming language must be simple, and easy to learn.
ii. It must be efficient hence easily convertible into a machine code and should also consume little memory space.
iii. It should be well structured and documented, thus suitable for the development of applications.
iv. It must provide the necessary tools for development, testing, debugging, and maintenance.
v. It should have the ability to handle complex structures efficiently (abstraction).
vi. It should be consistence in terms of semantics and syntax.
vii. It should have a single Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

 Hard copies (physical documents) can be converted into soft copies using tools like scanners or OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software.
 Soft copies (digital documents) can also be converted into hard copies by printing them.

i. It helps in clarifying and refining customer requirements.
ii. It Increases user and stakeholder confidence in the software development process
iii. It Improves communication and collaboration between stakeholders.
iv. It avoids misunderstandings and helps to manage expectations.
v. It increases the chances of developing a software system that meets customer needs.
vi. It supports the identification of potential risks and problems early in the development cycle.
vii. It supports the identification of new business opportunities and revenue streams.
viii. It facilitates the development of a comprehensive and accurate project plan.
ix. Supports the identification of new business opportunities and revenue streams.

i. Respect: Users of social media platforms should respect the privacy, dignity, and rights of others and should avoid engaging in behavior that is derogatory, abusive, or offensive.
ii. Transparency: Individuals and organizations should be transparent about their identity, affiliation, and interests while engaging with others on social media platforms.
iii. Accountability: Users of social media platforms should be accountable for their actions and should be prepared to accept the consequences of their behavior
iv. Responsibility: Users of social media platforms should take responsibility for the content they share and ensure that it is accurate, truthful, and not misleading.
v. Authenticity: Users of social media platforms should be authentic and avoid engaging in behavior that is deceitful or manipulative.

i. Promotes creativity, teamwork and innovation.
ii. Enables communication and sharing of ideas.
iii. Reduces costs and time associates with facilitating groupwork or preforming tasks that require collaboration between different departments.
iv. Facilitates working in groups and holding real-time meetings remotely and in the office.

i. Product development: Companies use big data to anticipate customer demand hence the production of products to meet that demand.
ii. Predictive maintenance: Analyzing structured and unstructured helps in predicting potential issues before they happen, thereby helping companies deploy maintenance costs more effectively and maximize parts and equipment uptime.
iii. Customer experience: Big data enables companies to gather data from web visits, social media, call logs, and other sources to improve the customer experience and maximize value delivery.
iv. Fraud and compliance: Big data helps companies to identify data patterns that indicate fraud and aggregate large volumes of information to make regulatory reporting much easier.
v. Machine learning: Big data enables training in machine learning.
vi. Operational efficiency.
vii. Drives innovation.

i. Accounting and finance: EIS is used in accounting and finance to keep track of a company’s finances (i.e. allocations, accounting tax management, planning, revenue control, etc.).
ii. Inventory Management: EIS makes it easy for businesses to track resources and supplies through purchase orders, inventory control, automatic ordering, and scanning.
iii. Customer Relationship Management(CRM): CRM helps businesses manage client queries( enables employees to manage sales probabilities and customer channels, and can also be employed in marketing operations (i.e. lead generation campaigns and advertisement).
iv. Manufacturing: EIS is used by manufacturers in quality control, work orders, manufacturing operations, planning, billing, and the overall production cycle of the organization.
v. Supply chain: EIS is used to monitor products from the point of manufacturing to distribution (i.e. inventory purchasing, shipping, tracking, claim processing, refunds, supplier scheduling.)
vi. Human Resources: EIS is applied in human resources from hiring to recruitment, as well as in succession. It is also used in payroll, applicant tracking, performance management, learning, and time management.
vii. Business intelligence: In business intelligence, EIS accumulates and inspects data from various sources that is used by users to implement better organization solutions. Its features include scheduled reporting, customization dashboards, visualization tools, and real-time data access.